How to Cite
Whenever you quote, paraphrase or summarize someone else’s work you have to mention the source both
- in the text (in-text citation)
- in the bibliography at the end of the paper
There are many different models and styles of citing both printed and electronic sources. This is why there is no definitive guide for how to cite. Check with your supervisor what practice is used in your department. A citation usually includes at least the author(s), date of publication and pages. Most importantly: be systematic!
The styles used in the examples are APA 6th and Chicago 16th. More:
APA:
-
Official style guide: https://jyu.finna.fi/Record/jykdok.1109772.
-
Blog: http://blog.apastyle.org/.
Chicago:
-
Official style guide: https://jyu.finna.fi/Record/jykdok.1196374.
Citation and bibliography examples
Book with 1-2 authors
| Citation style | Bibliography | Citation in text |
|---|---|---|
| APA |
Kaukua, J. (2015). Self-awareness in Islamic philosophy: Avicenna and beyond. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Tenhunen, S., & Säävälä, M. (2012). Introduction to India: Culture, politics and development. London, England: Anthem Press. |
(Kaukua, 2015, pp. 57-58) (Tenhunen & Säävälä, 2012, p. 147) |
| Chicago |
Kaukua, Jari. 2015. Self-Awareness in Islamic Philosophy: Avicenna and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tenhunen, Sirpa, and Minna Säävälä. 2012. Introduction to India: Culture, Politics and Development. London: Anthem Press. |
(Kaukua 2015, 57-58) (Tenhunen and Säävälä 2012, 147) |
Book with multiple authors
| Citation style | Bibliography | Citation in text |
|---|---|---|
| APA |
3-5 authors: Alasuutari, M., Markström, A.-M., & Vallberg-Roth, A.-C. (2014). Assessment and documentation in early childhood education. Abingdon, England: Routledge. 6-7 authors: Swarr, T., Hunkeler, D., Klöppfer, W., Pesonen, H.-L., Ciroth, A., Brent, A., & Pagan, R. (2011). Environmental life-cycle costing: A code of practice. Pensacola, FL: SETAC Press. 8+ authors: Leppänen, S., Pitkänen-Huhta, A., Nikula, T., Kytölä, S., Törmäkangas, T., Nissinen, K., . . . Jousmäki, H. (2011). National survey on the English language in Finland: Uses, meanings and attitudes. (Studies in Variation, Contacts and Change in English "eVarieng", 5). Retrieved from http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/journal/volumes/05/ |
3-5 authors: First citation: (Alasuutari, Markström, & Vallberg-Roth, 2014, pp. 89-90) - Subsequent citations: (Alasuutari et al., 2014, p. 95) 6+ authors: (Swarr et al., 2011, p. 64) (Leppänen et al., 2011, pp.17-18)
|
| Chicago |
3 authors: Alasuutari, Maarit, Ann-Marie Markström, and Ann-Christine Vallberg-Roth. 2014. Assessment and Documentation in Early Childhood Education. Abingdon: Routledge. 4+ authors: Swarr, Thomas, David Hunkeler, Walter Klöppfer, Hanna-Leena Pesonen, Andreas Ciroth, Alan Brent, and Robert Pagan. 2011. Environmental Life-Cycle Costing: A Code of Practice. Pensacola: SETAC Press. |
3 authors: (Alasuutari, Markström and Vallberg-Roth 2014, 89-90) 4+ authors: (Swarr et al. 2011, 64) |
Revised editions, translated books
| Citation style | Bibliography | Citation in text |
|---|---|---|
| APA |
Atkins, P., & de Paula, J. (2014). Atkins' physical chemistry (10th ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Bourdieu, P. (2011). On television (P. Parkhurst Ferguson, Trans.). Cambridge, England: Polity. |
(Atkins & de Paula, 2014, p. 230) (Bourdieu, 2011, pp. 34-35) |
| Chicago |
Atkins, Peter, and Julio de Paula. 2014. Atkins' Physical Chemistry. 10th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bourdieu, Pierre. 2011. On Television. Translated by Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson. Cambridge: Polity. |
(Atkins & de Paula 2014, 230) (Bourdieu 2011, 34-35) |
Edited book
| Citation style | Bibliography | Citation in text |
|---|---|---|
| APA | Mikkonen, S., & Suutari, P. (Eds.). (2016). Music, art and diplomacy: East-West cultural interactions and the Cold War. Farnham, England: Ashgate. | (Mikkonen & Suutari, 2016, p. 6) |
| Chicago | Mikkonen, Simo, and Pekka Suutari, eds. 2016. Music, Art and Diplomacy: East-West Cultural Interactions and the Cold War. Farnham: Ashgate. | (Mikkonen and Suutari 2016, 6) |
Chapter in an edited book
| Citation style | Bibliography | Citation in text |
|---|---|---|
| APA | Kärnä, E. (2015). Implementing strategy means changes for employees. In F. E. P. Dievernich, K. O. Tokarski, & J. Gong (Eds.), Change management and the human factor: Advances, challenges and contradictions in organizational development (pp. 109-127). Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07434-4_8 | (Kärnä, 2015) |
| Chicago | Kärnä, Eija. 2015. "Implementing Strategy Means Changes for Employees." In Change Management and the Human Factor: Advances, Challenges and Contradictions in Organizational Development, edited by Frank E. P. Dievernich, Kim Oliver Tokarski, and Jie Gong, 109-27. Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07434-4_8. | (Kärnä 2015, 116) |
Journal article
| Citation style | Bibliography | Citation in text |
|---|---|---|
| APA |
Virtanen, A. (2016). Insights into the agency, positioning and development of professional Finnish language skills of international nursing students. Apples - Journal of Applied Language Studies, 10(2), 63-81. Retrieved from http://apples.jyu.fi/article/abstract/477 Geiss, C., & Labart, C. (2016). Simulation of BSDEs with jumps by Wiener chaos expansion. Stochastic Processes and their Applications, 126, 2123-2162. doi:10.1016/j.spa.2016.01.006 Croucher, S., & Kramer, E. (2016). Cultural fusion theory : An alternative to acculturation. Journal of International and Intercultural Communication. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/17513057.2016.1229498 |
(Virtanen, 2016) (Geiss & Labart, 2016) (Croucher & Kramer, 2016) |
| Chicago |
Virtanen, Aija. 2016. "Insights into the Agency, Positioning and Development of Professional Finnish Language Skills of International Nursing Students." Apples - Journal of Applied Language Studies 10 (2): 63-81. http://apples.jyu.fi/article/abstract/477. Geiss, Christel, and Céline Labart. 2016. "Simulation of BSDEs with Jumps by Wiener Chaos Expansion." Stochastic Processes and their Applications 126:2123-62. doi:10.1016/j.spa.2016.01.006. Croucher, Stephen, and Eric Kramer. 2016. "Cultural Fusion Theory : An Alternative to Acculturation." Journal of International and Intercultural Communication. Published electronically September 7. doi:10.1080/17513057.2016.1229498. |
(Virtanen 2016, 67) (Geiss and Labart 2016, 2149-50) (Croucher and Kramer 2016, 3) |
Magazine or newspaper article
| Citation style | Bibliography | Citation in text |
|---|---|---|
| APA |
Dobbs, D. (2016, September). A cure in sight. National Geographic, 230(3), 30-53. Brulliard, K. (2016, September 7). Breaking North American birdwatching’s toughest record. The Washington Post, pp. A3. |
(Dobbs, 2016) (Brulliard, 2016) |
| Chicago |
Dobbs, David. 2016. "A Cure in Sight." National Geographic, September, 30-53. Brulliard, Karin. 2016. "Breaking North American Birdwatching’s Toughest Record." The Washington Post, September 7, A3. |
(Dobbs 2016, 35) (Brulliard 2016) |
Book review
| Citation style | Bibliography | Citation in text |
|---|---|---|
| APA | Arentshorst, H. (2015). Review of the book Freedom’s right. The social foundations of democratic life, by A. Honneth, trans. J. Ganahl. Journal of Social Ontology 1(1), 167-170. doi:10.1515/jso-2014-0049 | (Arentshorst, 2015) |
| Chicago | Arentshorst, Hans. 2015. Review of Freedom’s Right. The Social Foundations of Democratic Life, by Axel Honneth, trans. Joseph Ganahl. Journal of Social Ontology 1(1): 167-70. doi:10.1515/jso-2014-0049. | (Arentshorst 2015) |
Thesis or dissertation
| Citation style | Bibliography | Citation in text |
|---|---|---|
| APA |
Savolainen, P. (2001). Finding a right way to communicate: Evaluation of communication practices in a multicultural project (Master's thesis, University of Jyväskylä, Finland). Retrieved from http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-2001878174 |
(Savolainen, 2001, pp. 32-33) |
| Chicago |
Savolainen, Pinja. 2001. "Finding a Right Way to Communicate: Evaluation of Communication Practices in a Multicultural Project." Master's thesis, University of Jyväskylä. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-2001878174. |
(Savolainen 2001, 32-33) |
Dataset
| Citation style | Bibliography | Citation in text |
|---|---|---|
| APA |
European Social Survey, & Ervasti, H. (2015). European social survey 2014: Finnish data (Version 1.0) [Dataset]. Retrieved from http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD3068 |
(European Social Survey & Ervasti, 2015) |
| Chicago | European Social Survey, and Heikki Ervasti. 2015. "European Social Survey 2014: Finnish Data." Version 1.0, November 17. Finnish Social Science Data Archive. http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD3068. | (European Social Survey and Ervasti 2015) |
Website with an author / without an author
| Citation style | Bibliography | Citation in text |
|---|---|---|
| APA |
Google. (2016, August 29). Google privacy policy. Retrieved from http://www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/ Apple tax: Irish cabinet to appeal EU Commission ruling. (2016, September 2). Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37251084 |
(Google, 2016) ("Apple tax", 2016) |
| Chicago |
Google. 2016. “Google Privacy Policy.” Last modified August 29. http://www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/. "Apple Tax: Irish Cabinet to Appeal EU Commission Ruling." 2016. BBC.com, September 2. Accessed September 4, 2016. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37251084. |
(Google 2016) ("Apple tax" 2016) |
Youtube videos
| Citation style | Bibliography | Citation in text |
|---|---|---|
| APA |
Sloan, B., & Pelling, J. (Directors). [Don't Hug me I'm Scared]. (2016, June 19). Don't hug me I'm scared 6 [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbL-NSkXnl8 ProQuestRefworks. (2013, January 8). RefWorks Write-N-Cite 4: Installing & logging in [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lL_OyAJLpPI |
(Sloan & Pelling, 2016) (ProQuestRefworks, 2013) |
| Chicago |
Sloan, Becky, and Joseph Pelling. 2016. Don't Hug Me I'm Scared 6. YouTube video, 7:59, June 19. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbL-NSkXnl8. ProQuestRefworks. 2013. "RefWorks Write-N-Cite 4: Installing & Logging In." YouTube video, 2:07, January 8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lL_OyAJLpPI. |
(Sloan and Pelling 2016) (ProQuestRefworks 2013) |
Blogs
| Citation style | Bibliography | Citation in text |
|---|---|---|
| APA | Häkkinen, T. (2016, January 20). Parliament and the Gulf War in 1991 [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://thehistoryofparliament.wordpress.com/2016/01/20/parliament-and-the-gulf-war-in-1991/ | (Häkkinen, 2016) |
| Chicago |
If you cite a blog frequently, you can add it to your bibliography: The History of Parliament (blog). https://thehistoryofparliament.wordpress.com/. OR Häkkinen, Teemu. 2016. "Parliament and the Gulf War in 1991." The History of Parliament (blog), January 20. https://thehistoryofparliament.wordpress.com/2016/01/20/parliament-and-the-gulf-war-in-1991/ |
Cite in running text ('In "Parliament and the Gulf War in 1991", an entry posted to The History of Parliament -blog on January 20, 2016, . . .') OR (Häkkinen 2016)
|
Tweet
| Citation style | Bibliography | Citation in text |
|---|---|---|
| APA | Colbert, S. [StephenAtHome]. (2016, April 28). Who is David Tennant? Yes. And vice versa. #LSSC. VIDEO: https://twitter.com/i/videos/tweet/725491618996867072? [Tweet]. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/StephenAtHome/status/725491618996867072 | (Colbert, 2016) |
| Chicago |
If you cite a Twitter-stream frequently, you can add it to your bibliography: Colbert, Stephen. @StephenAtHome. Twitter. https://twitter.com/StephenAtHome. |
Cite in running text ('In a tweet posted to @StephenAtHome on April 28, 2016, . . .') |
